Who dated Charles II of England?

Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651 and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.

Charles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and Henrietta Maria of France. After Charles I's execution at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War, the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king on 5 February 1649. However, England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth with a republican government eventually led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. A political crisis after Cromwell's death in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim.

Charles's English Parliament enacted the Clarendon Code, to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England. Charles acquiesced to these new laws even though he favoured a policy of religious tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of his early reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, he entered into the Treaty of Dover, an alliance with his cousin, King Louis XIV of France. Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, and Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism at an unspecified future date. Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oates's fabrication of a supposed Popish Plot sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, had become a Catholic. The crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Charles sided with the Tories and, after the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, some Whig leaders were executed or forced into exile. Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681 and ruled alone until his death in 1685.

A patron of the arts and sciences, Charles became known for his affability and friendliness, and for allowing his subjects easy access to his person. But he also showed an almost impenetrable reserve, especially concerning his political agendas. His court gained a reputation for moral laxity. Charles's marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no surviving children, but the king acknowledged at least 12 illegitimate children by various mistresses. He was succeeded by his brother James.

Hortense Mancini, Duchess of Mazarin (6 June 1646 – 2 July 1699), was a niece of Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France, and a mistress of Charles II, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. She was the fourth of the five famous Mancini sisters, who, along with two of their female Martinozzi cousins, were known at the court of King Louis XIV of France as the Mazarinettes.

Catherine Pegge (born c. 1635) was a long-term mistress of Charles II of England. She had two children by him, Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth, and Catherine FitzCharles.

Frances Teresa Stewart, Duchess of Richmond and Lennox (8 July 1647 – 15 October 1702) was a prominent member of the Court of the Restoration and famous for refusing to become a mistress of Charles II of England. For her great beauty she was known as La Belle Stuart and served as the model for an idealised, female Britannia. She is one of the Windsor Beauties painted by Sir Peter Lely.

Winifred Wells (born circa 1642 - floruit 1692), was a courtier at the Stuart Restoration court as a Maid of Honour to Queen consort Catherine of Braganza. She was also one of the many mistresses of King Charles II of England. Samuel Pepys refers to her as the King's mistress in his diary, and she also features in Philibert de Gramont's famous Mémoirs.

Nell Gwyn (ou Gwynn ou Gwynne), née Eleanor Gwyn le 2 février 1650 et morte le 14 novembre 1687, est une actrice anglaise.

Elle est l'une des nombreuses maîtresses du roi Charles II et la plus célèbre. Louée pour ses performances comiques et théâtrales par le mémorialiste Samuel Pepys, elle est considérée comme l'incarnation de la Restauration Stuart, la muse de son temps et une héroïne populaire anglaise.

Elle donne au roi un fils illégitime, Charles Beauclerk, 1^er duc de Saint-Albans.

La romancière Jeanette Winterson fait allusion à la comédienne dans Les oranges ne sont pas les seuls fruits (en). Virginia Woolf la cite également dans son roman Orlando.

Elizabeth Boyle, Viscountess Shannon (born Elizabeth Killigrew; baptised 16 May 1622 – December 1680), was an English courtier and mistress of King Charles II.

Louise Renée de Penancoët de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth (5 September 1649 – 14 November 1734) was a French mistress of King Charles II of England. She was also made Duchess of Aubigny in the peerage of France.

Lucy Walter (ur. ok. 1630 w Roch Castle w Haverfordwest, zm. wrzesień/październik 1658 w Paryżu) – angielska szlachcianka, córka Williama Waltera i Elizabeth Protheroe. Kochanka króla Anglii i Szkocji Karola II Stuarta.

Po wybuchu wojny domowej rodzina Lucy opowiedziała się po stronie króla Karola I. W 1644 r. zamek Roch został zdobyty i zniszczony przez wojska Parlamentu. Lucy znalazła schronienie w Londynie, ale wkrótce musiała przenieść się do Hagi. Jeszcze w Londynie nawiązała romans z Algernonem Sydneyem. Podczas pobytu w Niderlandach miała romans z jego młodszym bratem Robertem. Wówczas poznała również Karola II.

Nie wiadomo jak doszło do spotkania Karola i Lucy. Romans króla z panią Barlow (jak sama chciała być nazywana) trwał z przerwami do jesieni 1651 r. Karol uważany jest za ojca dziecka, które urodziło się w 1649 r. Chłopiec otrzymał imię James i został później kreowany księciem Monmouth.

Romans z Karolem wygasł szybko z niewyjaśnionych powodów. Lucy żyła w biedzie jeszcze przez kilka lat. Zmarła jesienią 1658 r. w Paryżu z nieznanych przyczyn. Oprócz syna Jamesa miała jeszcze córkę Mary (ur. 1651), której ojcostwo jest niejasne. Jako kandydatów wymienia się Theobalda Taaffe, 1. hrabiego Carlingford, oraz Henry’ego Benneta, 1. hrabiego Arlington.

Barbara Villiers (noviembre de 1641-9 de octubre de 1709), primera duquesa de Cleveland y amante del rey Carlos II de Inglaterra, más conocida por su título de condesa de Castlemaine.